Up To Date Information
Systematic reviews of literature reveal factors associated with breast cancer in men. Despite these reported associations, the vast majority of men with breast cancer have no identifiable risk factors.
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Genetics and family history
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Alterations of the estrogen to androgen ratio
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Primary testicular conditions
Clinical Presentation
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Painless, firm mass, usually subareolar, with nipple involvement in 40-50% of cases
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Left breast involved slightly more often than right, and less than 1% are bilateral
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Associate skin changes, including nipple retraction, ulceration, fixation of mass to the skin/underlying tissues
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Axillary adenopathy is typically palpable in advanced cases
Breast cancer subtype - most common subtype of breast cancer in men is hormone receptor positive.
Diagnostic Evaluation
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Mammography
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Biopsy
Differential Diagnosis
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Gynecomastia
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Pseudogynecomastia
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Infections
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Lipoma
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Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia
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Granular cell tumor
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Fibromatosis
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Metastatic disease
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Other rare tours that occur in men include schwannoma, myofibroblastoma, and hemangiomas
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Other benign breast lesions that are more commonly seen in women should be considered